1. Tissue samples are prepared using standard IHC protocols

2. Streptavidin-decorated UCNPs bind to biotinylated primary or secondary antibodies supplied by the user

3. Near-infrared light excites the UCNPs

4. The UCNPs emit higher energy visible light

5. The scanner detects the emitted visible light without any autofluorescence or other tissue background

6. A separate brightfield image is acquired in series with the UCNP detection